Broken elbows are common injuries in children. Many activities kids participate in making their elbows vulnerable to injury. Furthermore, there are several?growth plates (areas of bone that are actively growing) around the elbow joint. These growth plates are susceptible to injury. Children who have elbow injuries should be evaluated by a physician for a fracture.
Many activities can cause elbow fractures in children, but jungle gyms are a large culprit. Kids falling from jungle gyms can injure their elbows as they fall to the ground. Other common activities that cause elbow injuries include gymnastics, football, jumping on beds, and rough play.
When a Child Should See a Doctor About an Elbow Injury
If you are unsure of the diagnosis it is always safest to have your child seen by their pediatrician or in the emergency room. Signs that should tip you off to a problem include:1
- Inability to straighten or bend the elbow
- Swelling or discoloration (bruising) around the elbow
- Pain around the elbow joint
Diagnosis
Your doctor will first evaluate your child’s arm for signs of damage to the nerves and blood vessels around the elbow joint. While damage to these structures is uncommon, it is important to know if there is a problem. Injuries to the blood supply of the arm may necessitate early surgical intervention.
X-rays are used to diagnose elbow fractures. In more severe injuries, the fracture will be easily seen on X-ray, but it is not uncommon to have some types of elbow fractures that do not show up on X-ray.
The reason is that growth plate fractures may not show up on an X-ray like normal broken bones. Therefore, your doctor may request an X-ray of the opposite elbow (your child’s uninjured side) to compare the two for differences. Often the only sign of a broken elbow in a child is swelling seen on X-ray (the so-called ‘fat-pad sign’). In this case, the elbow should be treated as having a break.
Types of Elbow Fractures
Some common types of elbow fractures include:1
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- Supracondylar Humerus Fracture:?The supracondylar fractures are the most common type of elbow fracture. They occur through the growth plate of the humerus (above the elbow joint). The most?common cause?of these injuries is a fall onto an outstretched arm–often a jungle gym. These injuries most commonly occur in children between the ages of 5 and 7 years old.
- Condylar Fractures:?Condylar fractures also occur just above the elbow joint. When a child sustains a condylar fracture he or she has broken off just one side of the elbow joint.
- Radial Neck Fractures:?Radial neck fractures are uncommon in adults, but often occur in children. The treatment of a radial neck fracture depends on the angulation of the fracture. Treatment may consist of casting, manipulation, or possibly placing pins across the fracture.
- Radial Head Subluxation:?While not a broken bone, a radial head subluxation is a common injury in a young child’s elbow. When a radial head subluxation occurs, the elbow joint slides out of position. These injuries are usually placed back into position quite easily.
- Olecranon Fractures:?Olecranon fractures?are injuries to the prominent bone at the back of the elbow. Injuries to this bone can be difficult to differentiate from normal growth plate appearances, so often X-rays of both elbows are obtained for comparison.
Treatments
Treatment of elbow fractures depends on several factors including:
- Location of the fracture
- Amount of displacement of the fracture
- Age of the patient
- Damage to nerves and blood vessels
Splints:?Splinting is the treatment for many elbow fractures, especially those that have minimal displacement (are not out of place). A splint is also commonly used when there is suspicion of an elbow fracture but with normal X-rays.
- In the case of normal X-rays, a splint will be placed and your child will have new?x-rays?about a week after injury. The repeat X-rays often show signs of healing of the fracture.
Casts:?Casts are often used to treat?elbow fractures, but not after the initial injury. More commonly the elbow will be splinted for a week, and a cast may be placed after the swelling has had time to subside.
Surgery:?Surgical options include:
- Pins:?Pins are often used to stabilize the fracture in a proper?position. The pins are placed by an orthopedic surgery with your child under general anesthesia. The pins hold the fracture in proper position until sufficient healing has taken place, usually about 3 to 6 weeks. A small incision may be necessary to reposition the fracture and to protect the nerves around the elbow joint.
- Screws:?In older children, sometimes a screw is used to hold the fracture in the proper?position. Pins are usually used in younger children, but in children who are approaching skeletal?maturity, a screw may be used instead.
Long-Term Complications
Because the fractures are often around the growth plate, there is always?a chance of injury?to the growth plate.3 This may cause early closure of the growth plate. This is uncommon, and the only way to tell is the growth plate is permanently injured is to watch the child over time.
Other potential complications include restriction of motion of the elbow joint, damage to nerves and blood vessels around the elbow, and infection of the pins that?are placed?into the elbow.
Complications are unusual, but they do occur in a small percentage of patients. Your doctor will follow your child until fracture healing is?complete,?and they may ask for a follow-up to ensure growth and motion around the elbow?are?normal. The parent can also monitor the elbow joint and alert the doctor if there is suspicion of a problem after a?fracture.
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